A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF SPORT IN NATION BUILDING IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES [electronic resource]
說明
365 p
附註
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 57-09, Section: A, page: 3871
Adviser: MARCH L. KROTEE
Thesis (PH.D.)--UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, 1996
In this international and comparative investigation of the role of sport and its relationship to nation building, the International Sport Management Questionnaire (ISMQ) was developed and administered to 197 nations' sport administrators, coaches, and educators from December 1995 to June 1996. The overall ISMQ return rate was 27% (53/197). Regional ISMQ return rates were: Africa, 24% (12/51); America, 23% (10/43); Asia, 28% (14/50); Europe, 34% (14/41); and Oceania, 25% (3/12)
From ISMQ data, respondent nations were assigned scores on the National Sport Development Index (NSDI) (Waters & Krotee, 1995). The NSDI (100 points maximum) was employed to systematically examine sport delivery systems across a nation's physical activity and sport continuum (Bucher & Krotee, 1993). The NSDI was composed of three equally-weighted domains (Mass Sport, Educational Sport, Elite Sport) and eight factor components (objectives, legislation. organization, implementation, physical resources, research and evaluation, human resources, and contribution to national development)
When respondent nations were separated by development status (UNDP, 1994), significant differences were found $(p<.05)$ between NSDI means for developed (D1) $(n=20,\ M=58.1)$ and developing nations (D2) $(n=33,\ M=43.0).$ Mass sport means did not differ significantly (D1, $M=17.2$; D2, $M=13.1)\ (p>.05).$ Differences were statistically significant for Educational Sport means (D1, $M=21.4$; D2, $M=15.6)\ (p<.01),$ and Elite Sport means (D1, $M=18.5$; D2, $M=13.3)$ $(p<.05).$ Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients revealed significant associations between respondent nations' NSDI and: the Human Development Index $(r=.513)\ (p<.01)$ and Physical Quality of Life Index $(r=.324)\ (p<.05)$ (ODC, 1991; UNDP, 1994)
The highest NSDI $(N=53,\ M=48.7,\ SD=21.8)$ was 80.0 (United States) and the lowest was 6.7 (Zambia). Regional t-tests on the NSDI for Africa $(M=46.2),$ America $(M=40.9),$ Asia $(M=51.6),$ Europe $(M=53.7),$ and Oceania $(M=48.6)$ revealed no significant differences $(p>.05).$ Respondent nations' $(N=53)$ Educational Sport mean $(M=17.8)$ surpassed that of Elite Sport $(M=15.3)$ and Mass Sport $(M=14.7).$
Sub-regional One-Way ANOVA revealed significant differences for: NSDI $(p<.01),$ Mass Sport $(p<.05),$ Educational Sport $(p<.01),$ and Elite Sport $(p<.01).$
Positive correlations between sport and development indexes were revealed. Discussions centered on the myriad role of sport within nations and in the global community as a cooperative agent for development and nation building
